Linux 命令备忘单 - 学习 Linux 命令

发表 admin at 2025年2月28日

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Linux 中的命令行终端是操作系统最强大的组件。然而，由于可用命令的数量巨大，这对于新手来说可能会令人生畏。即使是长期用户也可能偶尔会忘记某个命令，这就是我们创建此 Linux 备忘单命令指南的原因。。

在这样的时刻，拥有按类别排序的 Linux 命令编译列表会非常方便。这样，当您忘记命令的确切语法时，只需几分钟即可引用该列表。

在本教程中，我们将向您展示最方便的 Linux 命令的精选列表。这些是一些最有用的命令，但并不是每个人都容易记住。下次当您在 Linux 终端上脑子一片空白时，请查看下面的 Linux 命令备忘单以获得一些快速帮助。

在本教程中您将学习：

文件系统导航

Command	Description
`ls`	List all the files in a directory
`ls -l`	List all files and their details (owner, mtime, size, etc)
`ls -a`	List all the files in a directory (including hidden files)
`pwd`	Show the present working directory
`cd`	Change directory to some other location
`file`	View the type of any file

Command	Description
`mkdir`	Create a new directory
`touch`	Create a new, empty file, or update the modified time of an existing one
`cat > file`	Create a new file with the text you type after
`cat file`	View the contents of a file
`grep`	View the contents of a file that match a pattern
`nano file`	Open a file (or create new one) in nano text editor
`vim file`	Open a file (or create new one) in vim text editor
`rm or rmdir`	Remove a file or empty directory
`rm -r`	Remove a directory that isn’t empty
`mv`	Move or rename a file or directory
`cp`	Copy a file or directory
`rsync`	Synchronize the changes of one directory to another

Command	Description
`locate`	Quickly find a file or directory that has been cached
`find`	Seach for a file or directory based on name and other parameters

Command	Description
`whoami`	See which user you are currently logged in as
`sudo`	Execute a command with root permissions
`sudo apt install`	Install a package on Debian based systems
`sudo dnf install`	Install a package on Red Hat based systems
`sudo apt remove`	Remove a package on Debian based systems
`sudo dnf remove`	Remove a package on Red Hat based systems
`reboot`	Reboot the system
`poweroff`	Shut down the system

Command	Description
`df or df -h`	See the current storage usage of mounted partitions
`sudo fdisk -l`	See information for all attached storage devices
`du`	See disk usage of a directory’s contents
`tree`	View the directory structure for a path
`mount and umount`	Mount and unmount a storage device or ISO file

Command	Description
`tar cf my_dir.tar my_dir`	Create an uncompressed tar archive
`tar cfz my_dir.tar my_dir`	Create a tar archive with gzip compression
`gzip file`	Compress a file with gzip compression
`tar xf file`	Extract the contents of any type of tar archive
`gunzip file.gz`	Decompress a file that has gzip compression

Command	Description
`ip a`	Show IP address and other information for all active interfaces
`ip r`	Show IP address of default gateway
`cat /etc/resolv.conf`	See what DNS servers your system is configured to use
`ping`	Send a ping request to a network device
`traceroute`	Trace the network path taken to a device
`ssh`	Login to a remote device with SSH

Command	Description
`chmod`	Change the file permissions for a file or directory
`chown`	Change the owner of a file or directory
`chgrp`	Change the group of a file or directory

Command	Description
`useradd`	Low level utility for adding new user accounts
`adduser`	High level utility for adding new user accounts
`deluser`	Delete a user account
`usermod`	Modify a user account
`groupadd`	Create a new group
`delgroup`	Delete a group

Command	Description
`free -m`	See how much memory is in use and free
`top`	See a list of processes and their resource usage
`htop`	A more human readable and interactive version of top
`nice`	Start a new process with a specified priority
`renice`	Change the nice value of a currently running process
`ps aux OR ps -ef`	View all of the currently running processes
`kill or killall`	Terminate a process
`kill -9 or killall -9`	Terminate a process with SIGKILL signal
`bg`	Send a task to the background
`fg`	Bring a task to the foreground

Command	Description
`printenv or printenv variable_name`	List all environment variables on a Linux system, or a specific one
`whereis and which`	Find where a command in PATH is located
`export MY_SITE="linuxconfig.org"`	Set a temporary environment variable (just an example, but use the same syntax)
`echo $VARIABLE`	Display the value of a variable
`unset`	Remove a variable

Command	Description
`uname -a`	Output detailed information about your kernel version and architecture
`lsmod`	Find what modules are currently loaded
`modinfo module_name`	Get information about any particular module
`modprobe --remove module_name`	Remove a module
`modprobe module_name`	Load a module into the kernel

Command	Description
`lspci`	See general information about host bridge, VGA controller, ethernet controller, USB controller, SATA controller, etc.
`dmidecode`	See some information about BIOS, motherboard, chassis, etc.
`cat /proc/cpuinfo`	Retrieve processor type, socket, speed, configured flags, etc.
`x86info or x86info -a`	See information about the CPU
`cat /proc/meminfo`	See detailed information about system RAM
`lshw`	List all hardware components and see their configuration details
`lshw -C memory -short`	Detect number of RAM slots used, speed, and size
`hwinfo`	List details for all hardware, including their device files and configuration options
`biosdecode`	Get some general information about your system’s BIOS
`dmidecode -s bios-vendor`	Retrieve the name of your BIOS vendor with this simple command
`lsusb`	Get a list of USB devices plugged into your system
`ls -la /dev/disk/by-id/usb-*`	Retrieve a list of USB device files
`hdparm -I /dev/sdx`	Get information about your hard drive’s make, model, serial number, firmware version, and configuration
`hdparm -tT /dev/sdx`	Show the speed of an installed hard drive – including cached reads and buffered disk reads
`wodim --devices`	Locate CD or DVD device file

当您需要快速复习时，请随时参考此备忘单。这里的目标是在尝试记住某个命令时为您节省尽可能多的时间。

每个用户都应该知道的另外两个命令是 man 命令和 apropos 命令。了解这两个使用起来非常简单的命令将允许您查找某些命令附带的所有选项。 apropos 还可以很好地用作手动搜索实用程序，因此您无需经常离开终端。